When reflecting on the factors that have shaped a community, it is helpful to start with a demographic snapshot of who lives there. Decisions around zoning and industry, for example, contribute significantly to the type and supply of housing available. Discriminatory practices of the past, such as redlining, have generational impacts on where people live that can been seen today. In New Jersey, the impact of these kinds of policies reduced opportunities for homeownership for Black and Brown New Jerseyans which, in turn, has led to stark differences in wealth accumulation. The NJ Institute for Social Justice estimates the median wealth for white households in NJ to be $322,500 compared to $17,700 for Black households and $26,100 for Latinx households. This wealth disparity impacts where people can live and further limits the communities that low-income households have access to. The information below highlights who lives in Perth Amboy, and how the city compares to other anchor communities and the state overall.

Population Change

Population change can indicate a number of positive qualities in a community. Growth can reflect desirability, quality housing, good schools, and economic prosperity. On the other hand, change can also reflect big challenges. Decline could indicate little access to opportunity, poor performing schools, concerns around public safety, environmental challenges, or limited housing. External shocks can also have broad impacts in a short amount of time. The Financial Crisis of 2007-2008, for example, led to excessive rates of foreclosures and evictions. Most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has shifted many trends, including work-from-home policies, which have led to new demands for housing size and local amenities.

From 2000 to 2019, New Jersey’s population grew by 5.5% overall. While several anchor communities saw declines, Perth Amboy saw its population increase by over 9%.

Household Type and Family Size

Household type and size data is helpful to understand the housing needs of a community. Large developments with studio and one-bedroom apartments will not meet the needs of local families. Single-family homes may not be accessible or desirable for new graduates who want to live in vibrant, walkable neighborhoods, or for seniors who are looking to downsize. Housing production goals should factor in population change and balance the type of housing necessary to prevent displacement of existing residents while accommodating newcomers who want to live there.

In Perth Amboy, small families and those living alone make up the bulk (over 75%) of households. Compared with the other anchor communities, Perth Amboy has the largest share of its population living together as small families.

Age

As residents age, housing needs change. Younger residents may want smaller units to rent, while households with children may want larger homes with more space. Older residents may seek to downsize or find ways to subsidize their cost of living so they can age in place. People usually need a variety of different housing types throughout their life. Accommodating for changes in the age of a population is an important part of creating inclusive communities.

Since 2000, Perth Amboy has experienced a 2.7% decline in households with young people, compared to the state’s 4% decline. There has also been a modest gain in its senior population (1.3%), but less than the state’s 4.9% increase.

Race and Segregation

Not everyone gets to choose where they live. Redlining, deed restrictions, and other forms of institutionalized racism have prevented non-white residents from accessing homes in many communities. The legacy of such discriminatory policies is reflected in how integrated or segregated a population is.

Black and Latinx residents make up over 80% of the population in Perth Amboy, compared to about a third of the population statewide. All of our anchor communities are home to a large Black and Latinx population, while statewide 55.4% of the population is white. Since 2010, however, the white population in NJ has declined by over 15% while other racial groups have increased. Should these trends continue, the state may be a minority-majority state by the next census.

Access to inclusive economic opportunity is critical to reducing poverty. Perth Amboy is dominated by Trade, Transportation and Utilities, and the Educational and Health Services industries. However, most jobs across sectors are occupied by people commuting into the city. It is estimated that the unemployment rate in Perth Amboy was 4.3% as of September 2022, higher than the state’s rate of 2.7% — and residents still earn far less on average than workers commuting in from elsewhere.

A number of factors influence the health of a community. Being able to access opportunity, recreation, open space, and clean air are as important as being able to afford a home.

Across the state, there are communities that have been forced to take on an unfair share of polluting facilities, which impacts the health of residents who live in these places. In 2020, New Jersey passed the Environmental Justice Law requiring the NJ Department of Environmental Protection to evaluate how polluting facilities would impact low-income communities of color. Overburdened Communities (OBC) already face environmental and public health stressors, and the law is meant to ensure they do not end up with an unfair share of polluting facilities.

Perth Amboy is designated an OBC and is ranked at the 92nd percentile nationally for lead paint exposure, and 58th percentile nationally for proximity to traffic pollution.

Over a quarter (27.7%) of renters in Perth Amboy do not have access to a personal vehicle, similar to the rate for renters statewide. There are nearly 70,000 jobs accessible within a 30-minute commute, but nearly 50% of these jobs are occupied by employees with at least some college education. Only about 27% of these jobs are occupied by those with high school or less education. While the city does earn an AllTransit score of 7.4/10 from the Center for Neighborhood Technology, limited inter-city travel options and a Manhattan-centric rail network limits the usefulness of existing transit options. Given the limited connectivity, less than 4% of commuters actually use transit to get to work. Recent funding ($45.5 million) to improve Perth Amboy Train Station and additional investments along the North Jersey Coast Line and Northeast Corridor may improve accessibility and incentivize more people to use transit when completed.

Access to open space and safe streets are important for encouraging healthy outcomes, through exercise, recreation, and reducing reliance on vehicles. In Perth Amboy, 2% of the land is used for parks and recreation. This provides 8 parks across the city, with only 56% of residents living within a 10-minute walk, similar to the national average of 55%. This points to the need to improve access to open space. There is also room for improving pedestrian and cyclist safety as the city’s Walk Score is 73 and its Bike Score is 50.

A decade after Superstorm Sandy, climate change continues to create challenges for vulnerable communities throughout New Jersey. Fortunately, Perth Amboy’s critical assets such as schools, fire stations, child care facilities, and evacuation shelters, among others, are not at risk of a 100-year flood. However, a small number of vulnerable groups are. Over 18% of Perth Amboy’s residents are below the poverty line, of which 4.9% (475) are in a 100-year flood plain. 4.9% of seniors (283), youth (685) and people with disabilities (315) also reside in the 100-year flood plain.

It is critical that housing development and policies not only encourage more resilient housing, but also work to adapt vulnerable households at risk from the impacts of climate change.

Land use policies impact housing supply, and housing metrics are helpful in understanding how decisions have impacted the built environment. For example, single-family zoning can be used to limit housing options and growth. Multi-family units can provide expanded housing options and, when part of transit-oriented development efforts, give people access to opportunities while reducing reliance on vehicles and improving the environment.

In Perth Amboy, 63.8% of housing units are multi-family, while 36.2% are single-family units. Across many of the anchor communities, multi-family housing makes up the bulk of housing units, especially where rentals exceed homeownership.

Being able to own or rent a home each offers opportunities and challenges. Homeownership provides a vehicle for building wealth, but requires the owner to pay for maintenance and property taxes — of which New Jersey has some of the highest rates in the country. Rental properties allow households to be flexible, but put their housing security at risk if landlords do not provide the required upkeep and services. With recent increases in average home values across the state, homeownership in New Jersey is becoming more and more out of reach for low-to-moderate income residents, while rents have climbed at much higher rates than increases in income.

In Perth Amboy, two out of every three housing units are renter-occupied. The city also has the lowest vacancy rate compared to the other anchor communities and state average. Statewide, renters occupy about a third of housing units. A majority of New Jerseyans are homeowners.

As mentioned before, housing needs can vary by household types. However, if the unit sizes in a community cannot accommodate various household types — due to lack of production, or limited supply and being unaffordable — this could result in dangerous scenarios such as overcrowding or illegal conversions leading to unsafe housing conditions.

In Perth Amboy, most of the rental units are one- to three-bedroom units.

Housing production illustrates how demand and land-use policies are realized in a given community. Development in Perth Amboy was limited a decade ago, but has been dominated by higher-density projects of five units or more, peaking in 2016. Immediately prior to the pandemic, however, new construction was dominated by low-density housing.

Subsidized housing helps to offset housing costs and is a critical support system for many low-to-moderate income households. A comprehensive understanding of the types and source of housing subsidy available in a community, and expiration dates on existing affordable units, can help us better understand the demand and need for funding and producing affordable units. The data below represents only the federal portion of subsidized units. Effort should be made to provide accessible open data on local subsidy and other metrics to help localities get a deeper understanding of the affordable housing stock.

As illustrated above, only 14.2% of rental units in Perth Amboy have some sort of federal subsidy. This is similar to the statewide rate of 14%. In contrast, over 30% of rental housing is subsidized in four of the anchor communities. The share of public housing is also critical, as it is often one of the only sources of permanently affordable housing. Continued underfunding of capital and operating expenses for public housing authorities puts tenants at risk for a number of health issues and housing insecurity.

Code enforcement brings up a host of housing equity issues. Older housing typically requires more upkeep and is less efficient than new housing. New Jersey’s Lead Safe Certification is a good first step to safeguard tenants. It will require lead-paint inspections for all rental properties built before 1978 when tenants turnover or every three years. Better and more consistent code enforcement data would also help officials and advocates hold landlords accountable for tenant health and safety. Creating a statewide hotline to enable tenants to report on violations can help build a comprehensive understanding of common issues and bad actors. Instituting a proactive rental inspection program could also help to address issues before tenants face serious consequences.

In Perth Amboy, 56% of units were built before 1960, with another boom prior to the financial crisis of 2007-2008. Ownership of rental housing has changed over time to be dominated in some markets by institutional investors. For existing residents, institutional investments could be a precursor to renovations and increased rents. Since 2017, 13% of home sales in Perth Amboy have gone to LLCs, which own 4% of the housing stock as of 2021. Having more clarity on property ownership could help better assess risks and inform policy solutions to prevent affordable units from falling into disrepair or being lost.

Understanding the socio-economic characteristics of a community is necessary to gauge housing needs. The gap in income and challenges with housing affordability highlight residents at risk of displacement without the proper protections in place.

In Perth Amboy, the median household income is $52,563 compared to $82,545 for the state. It is important to note that Lantix residents in Perth Amboy have the lowest median income when compared to residents of other races. Statewide, Black residents have the lowest median income, earning $41,215 less than white residents and almost $70,000 less than Asian residents, who have the highest median income statewide.

Income inequality is also highlighted in the gaps between renters and homeowners. Median income for homeowners in Perth Amboy is $81,052, over 85% higher than that of renters ($43,183). This gap can be seen across all of the anchor communities. Statewide, median income for renters is $48,156, less than half that of owners ($108,325). The pandemic has also made worse an existing racial wealth gap between white and non-white households. There has been a surge in home values, creating more wealth for some homeowners and more insecurity for renters — widening the racial wealth gap now estimated to be over $300,000. This further highlights the need to focus on improving security for low-income renters.

Inclusive prosperity is important to help move people out of poverty and prevent displacement. In every anchor community, median income for workers is greater than the median incomes for residents. In Perth Amboy, there is a nearly $40,000 income gap between residents and workers in the City. This highlights the challenges residents have in competing for higher-earning local jobs. This also raises concerns that as efforts to improve a range of factors — housing, schools, open space, culture, transit, public safety, etc. — move forward, existing residents may be unable to access new amenities and further risk getting displaced as workers with more means are encouraged to move in.

A household that spends more than 30% of its income on housing is considered cost burdened. Those that spend 50% or more are considered severely cost burdened. Pandemic-related trends, recent inflation and supply chain issues have given many businesses, including real estate, a reason to increase their prices. Median home values in the state were around $300,000 in April 2019. In April 2022, median home values were over $430,000. And a recent survey from rent.com found that between August 2021 and August 2022, rents have increased an average of over 30%. For residents already dealing with housing cost burden, these changes exacerbate housing insecurity and put them at risk of displacement through evictions or foreclosure.

In Perth Amboy, the median rent is $1,340 per month. Over the last 20 years, housing costs have increased over 25% while income has decreased by over 4%, adjusted for inflation. Statewide, costs have risen over 20%, with income only increasing 2.7%. This creates more housing insecurity for low-income renters, who may be forced into unsafe situations — overcrowded housing, unregulated illegal units, or the shelter system. In the worst situations, this escalating crisis will push more people into homelessness.

The COVID-19 pandemic has put enormous pressure on renters at a time when safe and healthy housing has never been so important. Some relief has come from the US Treasury Department, which has allocated over $45 billion in Emergency Rental Assistance (ERA) nationwide. However, getting the funds disbursed to those who need it most has not been easy. As of March 2022, Middlesex County has received $39.1 million dollars in ERA funding, and dispersed only 16% of it to over 1,300 households (NLIHC 2022).

Statewide, about half of all renters are cost-burdened. However, across all anchor communities, a much larger share of households are cost burdened, including 56.5% of renters in Perth Amboy.

Looking holistically at the range of issues impacting renters — incomes, housing costs, types of housing, subsidy, etc. — helps advocates and policy makers better understand what is missing and inform policy and development decisions to address the gap. Understanding unique characteristics of vulnerable renters can help develop targeted approaches to ensure safe and affordable housing for all.

The table above shows 4-person household needs by income group. In Perth Amboy, renters making 50% of AMI or less would be unable to afford the median rent ($1,340). Over 56% of renter households are cost burdened in Perth Amboy. Of these, 2,589 renter households (41%) spend more than thirty percent of income on housing, while 3,750 renter households (59%) spend more than half of their income on housing.

Households making less than 50% AMFI in Perth Amboy tend to be cost burdened, with the largest share of severely cost burdened households making under 30% of AMFI. This speaks to the need to preserve and create more deeply affordable housing.

The stress falls heavily on Asian or Pacific Islander, Black, and Latinx households, as over a third of renters in each of these groups are severely cost burdened.

Moreover, of households in Perth Amboy with a member who has disabilities, over 70% live in inadequate housing.

In Perth Amboy, despite the tremendous need for deeply affordable housing, only 11.6% of rental units are affordable for households making under 30% AMFI, while the bulk of rental units are available for those making over 50% AFMI.